{"id":11299,"date":"2021-11-10T09:03:20","date_gmt":"2021-11-10T14:03:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/article\/a-mathematical-centennial-the-december-1921-toronto-meeting-of-the-aaas\/"},"modified":"2021-12-09T15:34:17","modified_gmt":"2021-12-09T20:34:17","slug":"a-mathematical-centennial-the-december-1921-toronto-meeting-of-the-aaas","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/fr\/article\/a-mathematical-centennial-the-december-1921-toronto-meeting-of-the-aaas\/","title":{"rendered":"A Mathematical Centennial: The December 1921 Toronto Meeting of the AAAS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Les articles de la SCHPM pre\u0301sentent des travaux de recherche en histoire et en philosophie des mathe\u0301matiques a\u0300 la communaute\u0301 mathe\u0301matique e\u0301largie. Les auteurs sont membres de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 canadienne d\u2019histoire et de philosophie des mathe\u0301matiques (SCHPM). Vos commentaries et suggestions sont le bienvenue; ils peuvent \u00eatre adress\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;une des co-r\u00e9dacteurs:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Amy Ackerberg-Hastings<\/strong>,\u00a0<em>chercheuse ind\u00e9pendante (aackerbe@verizon.net)<\/em> <br \/><strong>Hardy Grant<em>,\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><em>York University [retrait\u00e9] (hardygrant@yahoo.com)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2021 has offered Canadians the opportunity to celebrate several centennials. For instance, insulin was discovered in the summer of 1921 at the University of Toronto by Frederick Banting and Charles Best. Births that year included game show host Monty Hall and singer and actress Deanna Durbin. On May 28\u201329, the Communist Party of Canada was founded in Guelph, Ontario. Mackenzie King became prime minister on December 29 after the December 6 election awarded his Liberals 116 seats and the agrarian Progressive Party 65 seats.<\/p>\n<p>For mathematicians, though, December 1921 may be more notable for the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) held at the University of Toronto from the 27th to the 31st. Canadians already had ample precedent for hosting international scientific congresses, including meetings of the:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>AAAS in Montreal in 1857 and 1882, followed by its first Toronto meeting in 1889;<\/li>\n<li>British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) in Montreal (1884), Toronto (1897), and Winnipeg (1909);<\/li>\n<li>British Medical Association (BMA) in Montreal (1897) and Toronto (1906);<\/li>\n<li>International Congress of Americanists in Quebec City (1906);<\/li>\n<li>American Astronomical Society (AAS) in Ottawa (1911);<\/li>\n<li>International Geological Congress in Toronto (1913).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11199\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11199\" style=\"width: 217px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Picture.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Picture-227x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"227\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11199\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. John Charles Fields before 1912. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:John_charles_fields.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Also in 1913, University of Toronto (U of T) Mathematics Professor \u201cJohn Charles Fields [1863\u20131932] was asked by U of T President Robert Falconer [1867\u20131943] to extend an invitation to the American Association for the Advancement of Science to hold its 1915 meeting in Toronto\u201d [<a href=\"#Centennial\">11<\/a>, p. 77]. World War I interrupted the planning, but after the war the AAAS was invited once more. Its leadership accepted for the 1921 Winter Meeting. The University and the Royal Canadian Institute, of which Fields was President, were designated the official co-hosts. Even the general public anticipated the event, as the day before the meeting began (Monday, December 26, 1921), the front page of Toronto\u2019s <em>The Globe<\/em> trumpeted: \u201cEMINENT MEN TO VISIT CITY\u201d for a \u201cFOUR-DAY CONVENTION,\u201d a \u201cGreat Gathering in Toronto of Scientists of This Continent,\u201d noting that the previous \u201cToronto Meeting took place the summer before the King\u2019s College fire in 1890\u201d [<a href=\"#Centennial\">1<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Fields served as chair of the Local Arrangements Committee, while another leading mathematician, Eliakim Hastings Moore (1862\u20131932) of the University of Chicago, then the AAAS President, chaired all the plenary sessions. His duties thus included the address of the retiring President, Leland Ossian Howard (1857\u20131950), which was delivered in the University\u2019s Convocation Hall on the evening of Tuesday, December 27, in two parts: \u201cOn Some Presidential Addresses\u201d and \u201cThe War Against Insects\u201d [<a href=\"#Centennial\">5<\/a>, p. 36].<\/p>\n<p>While the overall framework and some of the program highlights were provided by the Association\u2019s Washington, DC, headquarters and Fields and the Toronto organising committee, the bulk of the scientific programming had to come from the Sections themselves, their local representatives, and their related societies. These sections ran from Section A Mathematics, through Sections B Physics and D Astronomy, to finally N Medical Sciences and Q Education.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11211\" style=\"width: 406px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Toronto-local-organizing-committee.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Toronto-local-organizing-committee-609x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"416\" height=\"700\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. The local organising committee. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Summarized_Proceedings_of_the_American_A\/B7W4AAAAIAAJ\">Summarized Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science<\/a><\/em> (Washington, DC, 1925).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The strength of Canadian participation varied from Section to Section. For example, presentations in Section A Mathematics, which met in Toronto jointly with the American Mathematical Society (AMS) and the Mathematical Association of America (MAA), were largely by Americans. Attendance at Section D Astronomy, since AAS did not come to Toronto but rather met instead at Strathmore College in Pennsylvania, was predominantly Canadian. The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada (RASC) took up most of the slack and provided ample reporting in the <i>Journal of the RASC<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>The Astronomy section held four sessions. The first, on Wednesday morning, December 28, was officially a Section D-RASC joint session, chaired by the Vice-President for Section D, Samuel Alfred Mitchell (1874\u20131960), Director of the University of Virginia\u2019s Leander McCormick Observatory. The retiring Vice-President of Section D, Joel Stebbins (1878\u20131966) of the University of Illinois, spoke on \u201cObservation versus Experimentation,\u201d and Clarence Augustus Chant (1865\u20131956), U of T\u2019s Professor of Astronomy, gave an address titled \u201cPopularizing Astronomy\u201d [<a href=\"#Centennial\">7<\/a>, p. 37]. Otto Klotz (1852-1923), Director of Ottawa&rsquo;s Dominion Observatory, was elected as Stebbins\u2019s successor [<a href=\"#Centennial\">6<\/a>, p. 68].<\/p>\n<p>The remaining sessions, held Wednesday afternoon and all day on Thursday, featured 23 papers; these were exclusively by RASC speakers. Six of the talks were by U.S.-based astronomers, including Mitchell\u2019s \u201cComparison of trigonometric and spectroscopic parallaxes\u201d and \u201cThe present status of meteor observations,\u201d by another Leander McCormick astronomer, Charles Pollard Olivier (1878\u20131975), now best known as the founder of the American Meteor Society. We note that although he was employed by Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Mitchell was a Canadian by birth (Kingston, Ontario) and education (Queens University, MA 1894 and honorary LLD 1924).<\/p>\n<p>Eleven of the presentations were provided by Ottawa\u2019s Dominion Observatory, although three of these were delivered by one man, Ralph Emerson DeLury (1878\u20131956), the brother of U of T Chair of Mathematics Alfred Tennyson DeLury (1864\u20131951): \u201cSystematic errors in micrometer measurements,\u201d \u201cSecond note on Cepheid variation,\u201d and \u201cMeasurements of the distance of the sun deduced from its spectrum.\u201d The last was co-authored with John L. O\u2019Connor. Only three and a half years after the May 6, 1918, first light of the 72-inch reflecting telescope at Victoria\u2019s Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO), Harry H. Plaskett (1893\u20131980), son of DAO director John Stanley Plaskett (1865\u20131941), and future director William Edmund Harper (1878\u20131940) travelled to deliver \u201cThe Pickering series in O-type stars\u201d and \u201cThree spectroscopic orbits [of binary stars], each based on component spectra,\u201d respectively. Also from Western Canada was the University of Alberta\u2019s John Willliam Campbell (1889\u20131955), who spoke on \u201cOrbit of the spectroscopic binary H.R. 5942,\u201d using 20 plates from the DAO [<a href=\"#Centennial\">7<\/a>, pp. 37\u201338]. Although he did not present any papers in Section A Mathematics, Campbell\u2014who had studied at Queen\u2019s University before earning a PhD on the three-body problem at the University of Chicago in 1915 [<a href=\"#Centennial\">3<\/a>, pp. 119, 137]\u2014was a member of both the AMS and the MAA.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11208\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11208\" style=\"width: 790px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/University-College-1917.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/University-College-1917.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"542\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11208\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. University College in 1917. <a href=\"https:\/\/torontopubliclibrary.typepad.com\/local-history-genealogy\/2017\/02\/remembering-the-1890-fire-at-the-university-of-toronto-february-14-snapshots-in-history.html\">City of Toronto Archives<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The Mathematics section, which was obviously especially dear to Fields, held a joint session with the AMS and MAA on the afternoon of Thursday, December 29, in Room 8 of University College. Oswald Veblen (1880\u20131960) of Princeton, the Section A Vice-President, presided, while retiring Vice-President R. D. Curtiss (Northwestern University) gave the lecture, \u201cA Mechanical Analogy in the Theory of Equations.\u201d Next, R. M. Yerkes of the U.S. National Research Council discussed the agency\u2019s \u201cresearch information service,\u201d and H.E. Slaught (University of Chicago) explained a program for \u201csubsidy funds for mathematical projects.\u201d Arnold Dresden (University of Wisconsin) read the abstract for R. D. Carmichael\u2019s (University of Illinois) \u201cAlgebraic guides to transcendental problems.\u201d The sectional committee nominated George Abram Miller (1863\u20131951), also from the University of Illinois, to be the Vice-President for Section A Mathematics at the December 1922 AAAS Meeting in Boston.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11206\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11206\" style=\"width: 433px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Glashan-AJM-1923.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Glashan-AJM-1923-648x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"443\" height=\"700\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11206\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. The first page of J.S.C. Glashan\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2370572\">1923<em> AJM <\/em>paper<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>On the preceding day, AMS had held its own regular sessions, which served as the 28th AMS annual meeting. Eighty-four members heard 32 papers from 30 contributors. For instance, Miller delivered two talks on group theory: \u201cSubstitutions which are commutative with every substitution of an intransitive group\u201d and \u201cSeeming contradictions in the theory of groups.\u201d Canadian presenters included Ottawa\u2019s J.S.C. Glashan (1844\u20131932), who prepared twinned papers on isodyadic equations, and the U of T\u2019s Samuel Beatty (1881\u20131970), who had been Fields\u2019s sole PhD student and spoke on one of Fields\u2019s favorite subjects: \u201cThe algebraic theory of algebraic functions\u201d [<a href=\"#Centennial\">9<\/a>, pp. 600\u2013601]. At 77 years of age, Glashan was a senior member of the discipline. He had retired from the School Inspectorate in 1910, and Glashan Intermediate School (established in 1888), in the downtown Glebe neighbourhood of Ottawa, was renamed for him in 1905. He was a charter subscriber to the <em>American Journal of Mathematics<\/em> (<em>AJM<\/em>) in 1878 and published a paper on Taylor Series in the first volume. Klotz, then in Preston, Ontario, was the only other Canadian charter subscriber [<a href=\"#Centennial\">4<\/a>, p. i]. Both of Glashan\u2019s 1921 papers would be published in <em>AJM<\/em>: \u201cThe Isodyadic Quintic\u201d in 1923 and \u201cOn the Isodyadic Septimic Equations\u201d in 1924.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11203\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11203\" style=\"width: 195px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/cummings-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/cummings-2-205x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"205\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11203\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. Louise D. Cummings. \u201cCanadian Women in the Public Eye,\u201d <em>Saturday Night<\/em> (August 24, 1924).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Only two women contributed to the mathematics sessions: Olive Clio Hazlett (1890\u20131974) of Mount Holyoke College, who spoke on \u201cA symbolic theory of expansions in orthogonal functions,\u201d and Louise Duffield Cummings (1870\u20131947) of Vassar College, whose talk was entitled \u201cHesse\u2019s associated points and the Weddel surface\u201d [<a href=\"#Centennial\">9<\/a>, pp. 600\u2013601].<\/p>\n<p>Hazlett grew up in Boston and received her bachelor&rsquo;s degree from Radcliffe College in 1912. At the University of Chicago, she earned a master&rsquo;s degree in 1913 and a PhD in 1915. Her thesis director was Leonard E. Dickson (1874\u20131954). Her dissertation, \u201cOn the Classification and Invariantive Characterization of Nilpotent Algebras,\u201d was published in <em>AJM<\/em> in 1916. She accepted a position as assistant professor at Mount Holyoke in 1918 and was promoted to associate professor in 1924. In 1925, she moved, as an assistant professor with a salary of $3,000, to the University of Illinois, where she remained for the rest of her professional career [<a href=\"#Centennial\">10<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Originally a Canadian, Cummings came from Hamilton to U of T, receiving her BA in mathematics in 1895, followed by graduate studies there and at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Chicago, and Bryn Mawr College. She taught at St. Margaret&rsquo;s College in Toronto while completing an MA at U of T under DeLury. She joined the Vassar mathematics faculty in 1902. Her 1914 Bryn Mawr PhD thesis, \u201cOn a Method of Comparison for Triple-Systems,\u201d appeared in the AMS <em>Transactions<\/em>. Cummings remained at Vassar until her retirement in 1936 as a full professor [<a href=\"#Centennial\">2<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Cummings and Hazlett were two of the eleven women present among the 110 members in attendance for the MAA sessions. Eight others had also traveled from the United States: Clara L. Bacon and Florence P. Lewis, Goucher College; Sister Mariola Dobbin, St. Clara College; Mrs. F.W. Owens\u2014there with her husband F.W. Owens, both of Cornell University; Mrs. Anna J. Pell, Bryn Mawr College; Mary E. Sinclair, Wellesley College; and Jessica M. Young, Washington University [<a href=\"#Centennial\">12<\/a>, pp. 97\u201398].<\/p>\n<p>The only woman currently living in Canada was Jennie Augustine Kinnear (1890\u20131965) from Port Colborne, Ontario. She was in Toronto on her Christmas\/New Year\u2019s break from teaching high school there. Having earned her Queen\u2019s University BA in 1913 with First Class Honours in Mathematics, she had also taught in Arthur, Dutton, and Haileybury, all in Ontario. Her university yearbook commented, \u201cThe allurements of Queen\u2019s were too great for Jennie. Ignoring Toronto, she came straight from Port Colborne to take a Mathematical Specialist course here. Her mathematical tendencies haven\u2019t spoiled her genial nature, as is shown by her election to the Presidency of the Residence in her final year. The future before her looks bright. \u2018A picture of health and hospitality\u2019\u2019\u2019 [<a href=\"#Centennial\">8<\/a>, p. 51]. In 1939 the <em>Queen\u2019s Review<\/em> noted she had retired from the teaching profession to become the financial controller in her sister\u2019s law office. The 1965 <em>Review<\/em> noted her passing that April at Port Colborne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>On Friday evening, December 30, the mathematicians joined the physicists for a celebratory dinner at Victoria College\u2019s gothic Burwash Hall, on the east side of campus, although Kinnear and others may have instead attended the Women\u2019s Dinner, held in the Great Hall of Hart House. At Burwash Hall there likely was informal discussion about whether the exclusion of mathematicians from Germany (and from the other Central Powers) made Leonard E. Dickson\u2019s offer to host the 1924 International Congress of Mathematicians in the United States a big mistake. And Fields overheard the casual suggestion that the Congress be moved to Toronto [<a href=\"#Centennial\">11<\/a>, p. 81].<\/p>\n<p>Precisely a year later, on December 26, 1922, at a meeting of the Council of the AMS, he\u2014confident from the overwhelming success of the 1921 AAAS Meeting\u2014outlined a plan for an international mathematical congress in Toronto for 1924, in conjunction with a meeting of the BAAS that was already under preparation [<a href=\"#Centennial\">11<\/a>, pp. 134\u2013135].<\/p>\n<p>But that\u2019s another story.<\/p>\n<p><em>David Orenstein is in his tenth year of retirement from teaching mathematics at an inner-city Toronto high school. Inclement days are generally spent in online and (pre-pandemic) archival research into the history of Canadian science and mathematics (which he enjoys blogging about at <a href=\"https:\/\/cstha-ahstc.ca\/category\/blog\/\">cstha-ahstc.ca<\/a>). More welcoming days are devoted to Toronto\u2019s parks and socially-distanced patios. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1] <i>The Globe<\/i>. (1921, December 26) Eminent Men to Visit City. Page 10.<\/p>\n<p>[2] Green, Judy, and Jeanne LaDuke. (2019)<a href=\"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/archives\/Notesv51n4.pdf\"> Canadian women who earned PhDs in mathematics before 1940<\/a>. <i>CMS Notes<\/i> 51(4), 14\u201315.<\/p>\n<p>[3] Jarrell, Richard A. (1988) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/The_Cold_Light_of_Dawn\/jDQ5DwAAQBAJ\"><i>The Cold Light of Dawn: A History of Canadian Astronomy<\/i><\/a>.\u00a0Toronto: University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\n<p>[4] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2369428\">List of Subscribers to the American Journal of Mathematics<\/a>. (1878) <i>American Journal of Mathematics<\/i> 1(1), i\u2013ii.<\/p>\n<p>[5] Livingston, Burton E. (1922, January 13) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1644977\">General Features of the Toronto Meeting<\/a>. <i>Science<\/i> 55(1411), 34\u201340.<\/p>\n<p>[6] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1645813\">Officers of the American Association<\/a>. (1922, January 20) <i>Science <\/i>55(1412), 68\u201369.<\/p>\n<p>[7] Pearce, J. A. (1922, February) <a href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/full\/1922JRASC..16...37P\">Astronomy at the American Association<\/a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada<\/i> 16(2), 37\u201338.<\/p>\n<p>[8] Queen\u2019s University. (1913) <a href=\"https:\/\/ia802802.us.archive.org\/14\/items\/quyearbook1913art\/quyearbook1913art.pdf\"><i>Arts \u201913 Year Book<\/i><\/a>. Kingston, Ontario.<\/p>\n<p>[9] Richardson, R. G. D. (1922, June 2) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1646299\">The American Mathematical Society<\/a>. <i>Science <\/i>55(1431), 600\u2013602.<\/p>\n<p>[10] Riddle, Larry. (1997, June)<a href=\"https:\/\/www.agnesscott.edu\/lriddle\/women\/hazlett.htm\"> Olive Clio Hazlett<\/a>. <i>Biographies of Women Mathematicians<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>[11] Riehm, Elaine McKinnon, and Frances Hoffman. (2011) <a href=\"https:\/\/bookstore.ams.org\/mbk-80\/\"><i>Turbulent Times in Mathematics: The Life of J.C. Fields and the History of the Fields Medal<\/i><\/a>. Providence, RI, and Toronto: AMS and the Fields Institute.<\/p>\n<p>[12] <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2972585\">Sixth Annual Meeting of the Mathematical Association of America<\/a><\/em>. (1922, March) <em>American Mathematical Monthly<\/em> 29(3), 97\u2013111.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"template":"","section":[64],"keyword":[343,344],"class_list":["post-11299","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","section-notes-de-la-schpm","keyword-john-charles-fields","keyword-university-of-toronto"],"toolset-meta":{"author-4-info":{"author-4-surname":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-4-given-names":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-4-honorific":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-4-institution":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-4-email":{"type":"email","raw":""},"author-4-cms-role":{"type":"textfield","raw":""}},"author-3-info":{"author-3-surname":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-3-given-names":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-3-honorific":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-3-institution":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-3-email":{"type":"email","raw":""},"author-3-cms-role":{"type":"textfield","raw":""}},"author-2-info":{"author-2-surname":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-2-given-names":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-2-honorific":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-2-institution":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-2-email":{"type":"email","raw":""},"author-2-cms-role":{"type":"textfield","raw":""}},"author-info":{"author-surname":{"type":"textfield","raw":"Orenstein"},"author-given-names":{"type":"textfield","raw":"David"},"author-honorific":{"type":"textfield","raw":""},"author-email":{"type":"email","raw":"david.orenstein@utoronto.ca"},"author-institution":{"type":"textfield","raw":"Danforth Collegiate and Technical Institute, Toronto (retired)"},"author-cms-role":{"type":"textfield","raw":""}},"unknown":{"downloadable-pdf":{"type":"file","raw":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/SCHPM-NotesSMC-dec2021.pdf","attachment_id":11380},"article-toc-weight":{"type":"numeric","raw":"50"},"author-surname":{"type":"textfield","raw":"Orenstein"},"author-given-names":{"type":"textfield","raw":"David"}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/11299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/11299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11697,"href":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/11299\/revisions\/11697"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"section","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section?post=11299"},{"taxonomy":"keyword","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/notes.math.ca\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/keyword?post=11299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}